think in it. With the book method of teaching two important obstacles are found to prevent the student's progress in this respect; the English printed word and the necessity for translation. At every step the mind of the student is tied down to the English word and the English idiom, which interpose themselves betwixt the idea and the Irish expression of it. In the oral method there are no such obstacles. English is used sparingly to create a correct mental attitude towards the lesson and to evoke the ideas; thereafter the action conceived in the mind of the student is connected with its proper expression in Irish. Hence, in a very short time the student can think in Irish. There is no translation, and English is only invoked to call forth the conception, the rest being done in Irish.
IV. Gouin claims that all language falls into one of two categories, one of which he calls objective language and the other subjective language.
These divisions of language are, it is claimed, psychologically distinct. The former relates to objects and experiences external to the person speaking; the latter are mainly conceptions and judgments of the mind. The ordinary experiences of life may be expressed in series of sentences, closely allied and arranged in the order of time. This arrangement falls in with the natural order of mental activities, and is accordingly a powerful aid to assimilation and memory. The sequence of thought follows the line of least resistance by a succession of well-ordered steps, the only new element being the expression of the ideas. The student is made to live his own life over again, and live it in Irish. If the student has
