great extent which, however, is hard to grasp in detail, because the preferred sources quoted up till now have almost totally ignored it. According to her active role the emigrant alpine female was “invisible", as a marginalized working-class woman or, the very contrary, as the perfectly integrated being. One interesting aspect that shows up from the investigation, but is only incidentally dealt with here, is the development of the concept of the biological differentiation of man and woman. This in respect of working capacity and of the acknowledgement of the emigrant female as a person who is capable of making an economic contribution.
WOLFGANG KAISER, "REFLECTIONS UPON FRONTIER - CONCEPT AND RESEARCH APRROACHES"
Within the terms of this conference the concept of “frontier", which embraces a broad and, according to whatever language is used, a varied field of application, is reduced to the meaning in the sphere of seigneural control. Any orientation towards the building of the early modern state, whose “skin" signifies its frontier, according to contemporary thinking, carries with it the danger of restricting the sphere of observation to the historical actors in the centres or to certain forms of seigneural action. In addition the borderline is conceived, as far as mobility is concerned, only superficially as source-productive. The question as to how the borderline is implanted into social life and the practices of human beings in borderline areas opens the view to forms of sly dealings with frontiers which are both created and tolerated.
CHRISTIAN ABRY AND ALICE JOISTEN, "FROM MIGRATION TO WANDERING ABOUT, OR THE ITALIANS BETWEEN THE 'DEATH OF THE GREAT PAN' AND THE 'PROCESSION OF THE DEAD'"
What connection exists between passing Italian harvest helpers, the Wild Men and Women, Waldensian heretics, the Wandering Jew, King Herod and the March of the Dead? These homologies between entirely different crea-
